Induced Expression of the Cytoskeleton Linker Protein Radixin in the Adult Brain
نویسنده
چکیده
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) proliferate throughout life in two regions of the brain, namely the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. In the adult SVZ, NSPCs give rise to neuroblasts that leave the SVZ for long distance migration along the rostral migratory stream (RMS), on their way to the olfactory bulb where they mature and are integrated in the neural network. Understanding how adult neuronal migration is regulated is of importance for the development of new therapeutic interventions using endogenous stem or progenitor cells for brain repair strategies. Long distance migration of neuroblasts in the RMS requires a highly dynamic cytoskeleton with the ability to respond to surrounding stimuli. In this thesis, we hypothesized that cytoskeleton rearrangement in the RMS is mediated by the ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) family of proteins. ERM proteins regulate actin polymerization through interaction with actin and transmembrane adhesion molecules in many different parts of the body, however, limited studies exist of ERM proteins in the adult brain. In the first paper, our studies demonstrate the specific expression of radixin in neuroblasts in both the ventricular and hippocampal neurogenic niches. We also demonstrate the presence of radixin in Olig2 expressing cells throughout the adult brain. In the second study, inhibition of radixin using a selective quinocarmycin analog interrupts the ability for radixin to link the actin cytoskeleton to the membrane. Inhibition of radixin in SVZ explant cultures selectively blocked the migration of neuroblasts, whereas glial migration remained unaltered, suggesting that these populations use different ERM proteins for actin polymerization. In addition, intracerebroventricular infusion of the radixin inhibitor resulted in aberrant neuroblast chain formation and decreased neuroblast proliferation in the RMS. In the third paper, EGF treatment is known to greatly reduce the migratory population in the SVZ and RMS. Nevertheless, EGF infusion elevated the radixin expression twofold in the SVZ and RMS. Accordingly, a new radixin expressing population was present in the RMS after EGF treatment and these cells also expressed Olig2. Proliferation of the radixin/Olig2+ population occurred already after 24h, even in parts of the RMS that are distal to the SVZ, suggesting local activation by EGF throughout the RMS rather than migration from the SVZ. The radixin/Olig2+ cells in the RMS were arranged in chains and migrated in explants cultures in vitro. Being negative for NG2 and CNPase, these radixin/Olig2+ cells are likely not oligodendrocyte progenitors. In the fourth study, radixin expression was induced in the peri-infarct region after cortical stroke. Unexpectedly, the number of cortical radixin/Olig2+ cells decreased after stroke and radixin was instead present in a subpopulation of activated microglia. In the healthy brain and in the contralateral cortex, microglia did not express radixin. A new dual concept of microglial activation suggests the presence of classically activated M1 microglia and an alternatively activated M2 microglia population, which has more beneficial effects for the survival of neurons under inflammation conditions. The expression profile of radixin after stroke implies similarities with the type M1 microglia and radixin might be useful as a new microglia activation marker. Taken together, these data suggest a role for radixin in NSPC proliferation and migration in the adult brain, as well as in activation of microglia after stroke. Induced expression of the cytoskeleton linker protein radixin in the adult brain 4 Förökning och förflyttning av neurala stamceller i vuxen hjärna Neurodegenerativa sjukdomar, som Parkinsons sjukdom eller Alzheimers sjukdom, eller skador efter till exempel stroke, orsakar celldöd i hjärnan. Denna förlust kan ge bestående funktionsnedsättningar som vi än idag inte kan bota. Omogna celler med potential att omvandlas till hjärnans tre huvudsakliga celltyper (neuron, astrocyter och oligodendrocyter) finns i särskilda områden i den vuxna hjärnan. De omogna cellerna kallas stamceller och ger genom celldelning upphov till blivande nervceller, neuroblaster, vilka förflyttar sig längs definierade stråk i hjärnan. När neuroblasterna når sin destination mognar de och blir till nya fullt funktionella neuron. Man vet att stamceller kan aktiveras av skador i hjärnan, men man vet inte om de bidrar till återbyggnad av de skadade områdena. En grundläggande kartläggning av hur stamcellspopulationen kan utökas och hur neuroblasterna förflyttar sig skulle därför kunna bidra till utveckling av nya behandlingsstrategier. Därmed skulle kroppens egna omogna celler kunna rekryteras till skadade områden och bidra till läkning. I detta avhandlingsarbete har ett nytt protein, radixin, identifierats i hjärnans stamceller och neuroblaster hos vuxna råttor och möss. Det är känt att radixin reglerar förflyttning av celler i andra delar av kroppen och genom att hämma funktionen av radixin i hjärnan kunde vi visa att detta protein är särskilt viktigt för förflyttningen av neuroblaster. Det är sedan tidigare känt att stamcellspopulationen kan ökas markant genom att behandla hjärnan med tillväxtfaktorn epidermal growth factor (EGF). Våra studier visar att EGF även genererar en ny population av omogna celler i ett mycket större område än vad som tidigare visats. Den nya populationen kunde dessutom förflytta sig och cellerna uttryckte den aktiva formen av radixin. Att omogna celler finns i större utsträckning än tidigare visats ökar chanserna för att de ska kunna förflytta sig till skador i anslutning till det nya området. Vid stroke aktiveras och förflyttar sig en liten population av omogna celler till det skadade området. För att ta reda på hur uttrycket av radixin påverkas i omogna celler efter stroke, använde vi en experimentellt inducerad stroke-modell på vuxna möss. Vi fann att neuroblaster som rörde sig mot strokeskadan bara uttrycker den inaktiva formen av radixin. Eventuellt saknas signaler för att aktivera radixin utanför stamcellsområdet och detta kan vara en orsak till att de omogna cellerna inte förflyttar sig särskilt effektivt utanför stamcellsområdet. Vidare upptäckte vi att hjärnans egen immuncell, mikroglia, uttrycker radixin i den inflammerade miljön kring strokeskadan. Aktivering av mikroglia kan både hjälpa eller förhindra återhämtningen efter stroke mer studier krävs innan dessa olika funktioner klargjorts, och om funktionen av radixin är positiv eller negativ för läkningsprocessen. Sammanfattningsvis har vi identifierat ett nytt protein med en viktig funktion i förflyttningsprocessen av blivande nervceller. Resultaten tyder på att radixin-uttrycket ökar tillfälligt i celler med hög aktivitet i form av celldelning och förflyttning, och kan vara ett användbart mål för stimulering av blivande nervceller. Induced expression of the cytoskeleton linker protein radixin in the adult brain 5 This thesis is based on the following papers; I. Åsa Persson, Charlotta Lindvall, Maurice Curtis, Georg Kuhn. Expression of ERM proteins in the adult subventricular zone and the rostral migratory stream. Neuroscience. 2010 May 5;167(2) s312-22. II. Åsa Persson, Olle Lindberg, Georg Kuhn. Radixin inhibiton reduces neuronal progenitor migration. In manuscript. III. Olle Lindberg*, Åsa Persson*, Anke Brederlau, Aidin Shabro, Georg Kuhn. EGF responsive cell population resident in the RMS. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46380. Epub 2012 Sep 28. IV. Åsa Persson*, Ahmed Osman*, Hayde Bolouri, Carina Mallard, Georg Kuhn. Radixin expression in activated microglia after cortical stroke. Submitted. * these authors contributed equally to this paper. Induced expression of the cytoskeleton linker protein radixin in the adult brain
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